Summary & Analysis of Al-Munqidh Min Ad-Dalal

Al Ghazali is an influential thinker of medieval Islam. He describes his education and his intellectual crisis, which left him so full of doubt and questions, to the extent that he he resigned from his professorship in Baghdad, and felt the need to retire from the world. However, his faith returned after years of questioning and seeking, during which he achieved direct knowledge of God in the form of the experience of the Sufis. Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali’s ‘Al-Munqidh Min Ad-Dalal’ successfully allows the reader a brief and revealing window into the life of a great intellectual.It is an autobiographical account of Ghazali’s struggle during a period of spiritual unrest in his life that begins with him as a teacher at a prestigious academic institution at the age of thirty-three, and continues through his severe journey of questioning and curiosity, and ends upon his return to his teaching career but instead being a complete God-orientated man. The book o pens with Ghazali replying to a colleague who had questioned him regarding â€Å"the aims and inmost nature of sciences and the perplexing depths of the religious systems† and the reasons for Ghazali’s actions at this stage of his life.He is a curious man who focuses on everything using his analyzing eye. This habit and custom he describes as â€Å"a God-given nature, a matter of temperament, and not of my choice or contriving. † With this attitude he starts to question the different types of knowledge around him. He systematically and thoroughly deals with each science which influences man’s spiritual and religious state of mind, covering the four main sciences of the time: theology, authoritative instruction, philosophy and mysticism. All four continue to play significant roles today. The analysis is carried out in detail, unbiased and authoritatively.He analyzes each science like a trained surgeon and then transports his results and evaluations with ac curacy and care. Included in this book is a passage which expresses the core of his spiritual journey and can be found in section four â€Å"The Ways of Mysticism† : â€Å"I learnt with certainty that it is above all the mystics who walk on the road of God; their life is the best life, their method the soundest method, their character the purest character; indeed, were the intellect of the intellectuals and the learning of the learned and the scholarship of the scholars, who are versed in the rofundities of revealed truth, bought together in the attempt to improve the life and character of the mystics, they would find no way of doing so; for to the mystics all movement and all rest, whether external or internal brings an illumination from the light of the lamp of prophetic revelation; and behind the light of prophetic revelation there is no other light on the face of the earth from which illumination may be received. † A chapter on the nature of prophecy follows this p assage, and highlights its persuasive need.He discusses the physical and rational observations, their development in humans from simple to complex, and they end where divine inspiration and revelation begin. The methodology used to explain this range of perceptions is both simple and effective and allows the reader to follow the thought pattern of the writer. A concluding chapter on Ghazali’s return to teaching successfully deals with possible denial of the theory that he claims the need for prophetic leadership. As an expert in each of the fields his replies to the various groups are from their own teachings, doctrines and own methodologies.

Collaboration Essay

†¢ What are the advantages of having diversity in a collaborative learning environment? There are several advantages to having diversity in collaborative learning environment and it enriches all of us. We, as students, learn to work with all types of people. We learn from each other, which, adds to our perspective based on our cultural differences. The outcome is positive by building respect, appreciation, achievement of common goals and commitment to equality. Because I work in retail, I have become more culturally aware. I realize the importance of everyone traditions and religious views. Learning from different cultures has helped me create new traditions for me and my family. In some ways, it has changed my whole outlook on life as well. †¢ How might factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration? Diversity enables students to learn how to work with different types of people and understand other points of view. A positive or negative attitude will affect one’s performance while learning will improve competition while work styles will determine which one is more effective. This can open windows for many of us in the career field such a travel, opportunities, and education. The disadvantages would be the individuals who do not see the good in cultural experiences and act prejudice. With that, people respond negative making the rest of us look bad. All of us have unique characteristics, looking for the same thing, â€Å"respect:† †¢ How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group? Personal responsibility in a group helps in the effective fulfillment of the goal set by the group. Assignment of roles according to an individual’s capacity in the group ensures that a task is completed as a result of teamwork. Personal responsibility also greatly builds trust amongst the group members. All of us have unique characteristics, looking for the same thing, â€Å"respect.†

Beyond the arabin poetry Essay

Beyond the Arabian Poetry In the light of Arabic literature in Muslim Spain, It was one of the greatest lands at that time. Most of people were educated in too many studies, due to the Abd al-Rahman III one of the Umayyad Rulers. Abd al-Rahman III was interested greatly in books and education, which made him to collect a lot of books around the world. Arabic literature’ books were also interested by Abd al-Rahman III, which made a lot of Muslim Spain’s people interested on in and study it as well. Muslims and Jews were inherited in the Arabic literature which made them write stories and poetry. All that had a deep effect on literature scholars and especially Jewish scholars. When they were studying Islamic, Arabic literature they were also studying Islamic literature and the influence of the relationship of Arabic language and Islam. In that vein, many of the Jews converted to Islam by their own, But not all about Jews. And this raises the mind a question that what are the sources and the power of the Arabic literature which make these Jews converting to Islam by their own? And it appears that the larger spiritual vision of Islamic religious traditions and the Ideology of Islamic Arabic poems are involved with that. Therefore the Islamic traditions and the Islamic, Arabic poetry are the source of converting some of the Jews to Islam by their own in Muslim Spain. According to the book the Jews of Islam says â€Å"Islam had its sway over Jewish cultural life too. In literature, and the arts, the Muslim influence on the Jews is enormous.† (Lewis 81) It appears from that Islam affected on Jews through literature and the arts which means by traditions and poetry. In the same note of converting the Jews to Islam, the Islamic literature was very strong, because it was getting through the soul and shapes it. And writing famous poems on the walls of Madden T Al-Zahra, helped Jewish to read poems in the in that time, so one line of any Islamic poem has that huge effect for the reader. But that script was in Arabic, how did the spoken Hebrew, Jewish did read that? What kind of influence that the script has if it has translated to Hebrew? Would it be strong as it is in Arabic?  There were people in Muslim Spain who were in interested in reading Arabic poem translated to Hebrew. And according to book The Dream of the Poem for Peter Cole that it says there is a scholar who was translating poems to Hebrew by comparing meters to their Arabic models. (Cole 333). So this shows that yes by an effort of scholars the influence of Arabic poetry kept as itself, therefore spoken Hebrew Jews got a chance to read the Arabic poems with its influence which helped to make some of them convert to Islam. According to book of Daily life of Jews in the Middle Ages for Norman Roth he says â€Å"While some Jews, indeed, converted to Islam of their own free will in the early medieval period.†(Roth 202) and also Roth said that there are some of Jewish scholars in Muslim Spain Wrote in Arabic poems for them and one of them converted to Islam as Ibrahim Ibn Sahl, as he believe(Roth 165). By reading this book or some quotes of it we will see how the poetry affected these Jews to convert, even if it is not the big motive of converting, but Poetry was the media of the motive of converting these Jews to Islam. In that time Art was greatly considered as poems, due to the Islamic religion and the many of poets in that time, the poems were spread a lot in Muslim Spain, so it was easy for all to read them, and this shows that how the poems were the media of converting the Jews to Islam by their own. Furthermore the Jews were very interested with the Arabic poetry, and most of the Arabic poetry is describing Islam and how it is good for life. According to book of Arabic and Hebrew Love Poems in Al-Andalusia By Shari Lowin which says â€Å"Brann similarly maintains that Jews had primary knowledge of the sacred texts of Islam† (Lowin 40) and this shows that Jews were affected very deeply from the poems to know about Islam which made them to go and read holy texts from the Islamic religion. Moreover the connection of the poetry with science by proving that holy Quran proved a lot of science statements, and that was really convincing to the Jewish to convert to Islam, because the Jewish people believe in the concrete and the logic (Gwynne 160), and when they found that Islam is logical with the earth and it’s science so they will be more attracted to convert to Islam. All that is just from a link from Arabic poetry that talks about science and how Islam in the holy Quran proved it. In the line with that, it proves that  Jews converted to Islam by their own, because they read these sacred texts by their own and without any force from anyone, and this shows how strong was the Islamic literature, it affected the mind and the soul of Jews in Muslim Spain thus makes them convert to Islam. So the source of that is the literature of Islamic poetry and traditions. The poetry in Islam was very nice, great and wonderful and Muslim’s prophet Muhammad said to have enjoyed the poetry (Scheindlin 7), which made Muslims do great efforts to add in the Islamic poetry, which makes a lot of kind of attractive ways to Islam, which made the Jews be Muslims and be satisfied of converting, and this proves that the converting Jews in Muslim Spain to Islam by their own by the poetry. Even though the Jews reacted to most creative way of the brilliant Arab culture as I will show here â€Å"according to Bargebuhr, Hispanic Jews reacted in a most creative way to the influences of the brilliant Arab culture (though without converting to Islam, as the Persians did). (Jayyusi and Marin 515) † So it appears that Jews did not convert to Islam by reading that smart Arabic poems. But in the beginning I said some of Jews converted to Islam. And the same book said that some of Jews did not use the Hebrew language as well in reading the Islamic poems. Moreover they have reacted the Arabic poems not the Islamic one, but when it appears that the Hispanic Jews reacted to the smart Arabic poems it appears not the all Jews converted to Islam, but Some of them, who reacted to the Islamic Arabic Poems. The holy Quran is in Arabic and it has its language, and most of the Arabic in Muslim Spain were influenced in the holy Quran, and how it has the secret way to attract non-Muslim people to it, that are the Holy Quran ways, But the Arabs poets as I said they influenced of that and they started to work with it to attract people to Islam. And how about some of Jews Scholars had been influenced and attracted to the Quran language, and converted to Islam, they will have the power of attracting their previous people the Jews. Therefore the possibilities of converting Jews to Islam were so high because of the many of the Converted Jews scholars to Islam, and the knowing of the Hebrew language, they will be able to know how to attract people to Islam by making good Hebrew poets, that has the attraction ways of Holy Quran. Adding knowledge to the pomes in the Muslim Spain was so great, some of the Poets added a lot of knowledge in his poems, and by clever way the poets were adding attracting language to make the Jews convert to Islam when they were reading knowledge. All that made the Jews convert to Islam by reading the Arabic poetry in Muslim Spain. But did these converted Jews really converted to Islam just by reading the poems? Why if they were converting to Islam just not to pay the (Jyzia) which is a tax that Muslims take it from non-Muslims people? It could be, and this would happen, but not all of Jews who converted to Islam just because of the Jyzia, because the one who converted should not be so poor to not pay a small amount of money as a tax. Moreover a lot of poor Jews in Muslim Spain were able to pay the Jyzia, unless if that Jew is cheap or greedy, he would do that. But another question is in the mind now, which is what kind of poems affected the Jews that range to convert to Islam? We said before that the poets were Arabs from Muslim Spain and Jews scholars too who wrote poems in both languages as well, Moreover the Holy Quran’s Influence which attracted all those to convert to Islam. But the kind of poems are the one which were describing Islam and how it is, and the one which described other religions, and making Islam the best of them. Moreover the poems which describes the Islamic architecture, and the science as well especially the one which discovered by Muslims scientists. However these poems are showing in its form, it talks about architecture or science, how would that help or motive or being a media to convert the Jews to Islam? The questions here is logic and it appears that it has no answer. But the answer is simple, the poets really care to make the readers being pleased reading the poems they wrote, that would not happen they appeared they are trying to let non-Muslims readers to get bored fast, or to leave the poems by thinking it is trying to make them Muslims, so the poets used a hidden way to let the readers not feeling that they added the thing that make them convert, so they added in a hidden way, for example when they want to describe the architecture, they will describe the Mosque in purpose to let the readers to be attracted to the Mosque (Ruggles 171-8) , and also if they want to write about science they write about the Muslims scientists or how Islam explained science in perfect way, all that just by great poems that did not seemed to be like that. As Ibrahim Ibn Sahl did after he converted (Roth 165-9). In the end of this it was a clever idea to make the Islamic poetry strong to be capable to convert people by their own, and also the traditions of Muslims i n Muslim Spain were much educated to make a lot of ways to add the Islamic  sense at the poetry to make the Jews to convert. Moreover the secret way of attracting Non-Muslims to Islam was really strong because it was within the language which is the most playable media to attract people to Islam. Especially the Jews, but how about the Christians did they also converted to Islam by poems in Muslim Spain? If they did so, what was attracting them, to be converted? But are not they were jealous of Muslims who were able to convert Jews by their own, so they did the inquisition and forced people to convert to their religion by force. Or they were scare to be attracted by Muslims and then convert to Islam. And this raises the concept of Muslims verses Christian’s tactics of conversion. And the Muslim’s cultural influence verses Christian’s state violence. Work Cited Cole, Peter. The Dream of the Poem: Hebrew Poetry from Muslim and Christian Spain, 950-1492. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007. Print. D, F R. â€Å"Arabic Poetry and Architectural Memory in Al-Andalus.† Ars Orientalis. 23 (1993): 171-178. Print. Gwynne, Rosalind W. Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an: God’s Arguments. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2014. Internet resource. Lewis, Bernard. The Jews of Islam. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1984. Print. Lowin, Shari L. Arabic and Hebrew Love Poems in Al-Andalus. New York: Routledge, 2014. Print. Roth, Norman. Daily Life of Jews in the Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Scheindlin, Raymond P. The Gazelle: Medieval Hebrew Poems on God, Israel, and the Soul. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. Print. Jayyusi, Salma K, and Manuela MariÃŒ n. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992. Print.

Media literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media literacy - Essay Example Following several clashes with swords in series of fierce mortal combats, the duo, Jack and Will attempt to recapture the Black Pearl Ship, relinquish a fortune in forbidden treasure and save the British navy thereby lifting the curse of the pirates, (Solway, 2008). Redbank (2007) affirms that the film’s complexity was achieved following a number of production technicalities. With numerous shootings, the first one being on October 9, 2002 in which Jack Sparrow steals the interceptor, the production team constantly changed the script to achieve their primary objective; a pirate movie with comical characters and a comical storyline with violence and politics incorporated. Trimble (2007) further documents that the film’s computer generated forms of the cursed crewmembers are relatively convincing, a feat achieved by the visual effect integrated by the production team. According to Wiratmoko (2009), the film’s production unit uses a series of filmic conventions and mythological images of characters like the masculine pirate Jack Sparrow to achieve the film’s objectives. Supplementary characters also supports the main character for example, Elizabeth Swan asks ‘Whose side is Jack on?’ to depict the ambiguity in Jack’s loyalty. Will replies, ‘at the moment?’ thereby depicting Jack’s unstable, contingent, ever changing and heterogeneous character, (Solway, 2008). Trimble (2007) however reveals that, a deeper analysis of Jack’s character reveals a strange aspect of piratical freedom and liberty from political manipulation. Comparative to the life on port Toruga, the society in Port Royal is too structured, lacking in freedom with all inhabitants obeying the preset political standards. Trimble (2007) notes that, the movie manages to bring out the free lifestyle which majority of civilized individuals seeks, a life in which individuals are allowed wild random adventures. According to Wiratmoko

How the Dalai Lama is Found Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How the Dalai Lama is Found - Essay Example He says that only Dalai Lama himself can tell about his future reincarnation and that no one else should try to manipulate people or abuse the system (Lama, 2010). All these events raise people’s curiosity about the way in which a Dalai Lama is ‘found’ and enthroned. The curiosity is also flamed by movies such as Little Buddha starring Keanu Reeves. The film revolves around the same concept and shows the spiritual master reincarnating as one soul in three different bodies (Smith, 100). Many critics who question the very concept of reincarnation question the validity of such traditions. But this concept has mass acceptance in the Indian sub-continent and Tibet. Tibetans believe that their Dalai Lamas are reincarnations of Avalokiteshvara, the personification of Compassion, who is also the patron saint of Tibet. According to the traditional Tibetan beliefs, Avalokiteshvara reincarnates repeatedly on this earth to serve humanity and hence for this mission he postpones his own nirvana. Dalai Lama, literally meaning ‘The Ocean of Wisdom’, was a title that was given by Mongolian king Altan Khan to the third head of Tibetan Buddhism. Since then it became a tradition to address the head of Tibet as Dalai Lama (Byrant, 94). There are many other traditions and the most important one is that of finding the reincarnated Dalai Lama. There is no one fixed method of finding Dalai Lama. Various methods have come into existence with the passing time. There have been many Dalai Lamas who have successfully predicted the place and time of their birth. On the other occasions prospective reincarnation’s identification of the belonging of his past life is a major signal of him being a Dalai Lama. This method was also used in finding the current Dalai Lama. The process of identification is not limited to the dead Dalai Lama and the prospective reincarnation. There is other

SAM 448 UNIT 4 ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SAM 448 UNIT 4 - Assignment Example This paper attempts to outline and analyze the best tasks that should be applied in a historical event. An attorney in any sport event is crucial in management, planning and marketing of new events especially to outline risk management planning program. There are certain plans that a sports attorney can assist the company or an organization to succeed in a historical event that our organization is planning. Some of the tasks that are involved in the planning list may include aspects like, negotiation for contracts of the athletes, sponsorship deals, financial and taxation factors, television rights, insurance programs, and venue concessions. Each of the tasks described should have consideration on decisions that involve size, philosophy of control, and objectives of the event. It could be essential to divide the tasks to various groups to ensure that each category is properly managed. This means that subcontracting different tasks to various groups may be a desirable thing to do. Further, it is important to note that before any event is held, negotiations of various deals and issues m ust take place to ensure that responsibilities and various financial aspects are clearly outlined (Graham, Goldblatt and Neirotti, 2001). Before any sports event takes place, athletes must be engaged in negotiations of contracts to ensure that they are bound to such contract thus discipline and soberness when running the event can be experienced. Negotiation of contracts involves issues like salaries, terms of contract, date of beginning and expiry of the contract and remedies of breaching the contract. It is one of the most important task and activity in sports as it enables parties involved to run their organizations responsibly. Negotiations can involve experts or just the parties involved in the contract. Negotiation experts are usually involved to raise the bargaining power and ability of a certain party in the contract. Sponsorship deals are

A Critique of the Movie Monsieur Ibrahim Review

A Critique of the Monsieur Ibrahim - Movie Review Example Interrelated themes include an expansive view of Islam that respects other religions and other faiths, and views all men with love and respect. They also include a cosmopolitan Islam that embraces all, the prostitute, the Jew, the Orthodox, the Catholic, and the saint, with equal reverence and compassion. These themes meanwhile tie-up with the theme of the differences between formal religion, doctrine, and churches on the one hand, and a personal and lived spirituality as typified by the Sufi spirituality of Ibrahim on the other. It is about how a personal spirituality that is grounded on an authentic view of God is also an authentic way of viewing the message of the Koran (Ernst; Siddiqui; â€Å"Monsieur Ibrahim†). II. Discussion The physical context in France, in a section of Paris where prostitutes ply their trade. The main characters play out roles as a Jewish teenager about to become a man. and as an old Sufi Muslim and store owner, who from the beginning seems to have a connection with the young man. He is able seemingly to read his thoughts. Their social and religious associations hint at a deeper reality that needs probing. Being a Jew has social contexts, and so is being an â€Å"Arab† in France. Moises is Momo to Monsieur Ibrahim. The old man's name hints at his Muslim roots, and he does not hide it. We learn that he is Muslim, and he is a devout reader of the Koran, but that he is also a Sufi, a religious adept. As a Sufi, he disregards the legalistic, dogmatic side of Islam. He thus so to favor of personal spirituality. Outwardly he is friendly and calm, and certainly not at all intimidated by the young boy's Jewishness.  

Home Burglaries and Forensic Evidence Term Paper

Home Burglaries and Forensic Evidence - Term Paper Example Property crimes make up slightly over 75% of all crimes committed in the United States of America and burglaries constitute approximately 25% of those figures. The average loss of a home burglary is about $ 1,725 and 70% of all burglaries were committed in homes. A curious and perhaps interesting fact is that most burglaries occurred during the daytime, at between 6 am and 6 pm, which is contrary to common belief that burglaries happen at night. Most burglars (34%) entered through the front door (12% of burglaries are due to unlocked doors) because people are careless, too trusting or plainly not security conscious. In the U.S., a burglary happens every 15 seconds and burglars spend on average just 8-12 minutes inside the burgled home (FBI, n.d., p. 1). These crime statistics are certainly very alarming and the next logical question to ask is what is being done about it by the concerned authorities?Burglaries are crimes against property and may merit a lower focus of attention from l aw enforcement authorities who are sometimes stretched to the limit due to constraints to the resources available to them. Nevertheless, most residential burglaries went unsolved with low solution and conviction rates. The figures show only 8.2% of reported cases had resulted in arrests and a dismally 3.2% of referred cases producing a conviction (Baskin and Sommers, 2011, p. 70). These low figures should be a big reason for concern because it affords criminal persons the opportunity to become repeat offenders.

Slurry Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slurry Wall - Essay Example They provided a low permeability obstacle to contaminant transport. The first slurry wall was built in Italy. Icos built the wall in Italy by using bentonite slurry support as the cut off wall. He went on to construct the first slurry wall for the Milan Metro. In mid 1960s, European contractors introduced the slurry walls in the United States. It was first used in the World Trade Center found in New York, the Bank of California found in San Francisco and the CAN building found in Chicago. Many projects of the slurry wall in the United States are found in Chicago, San Francisco, Washington, New York and Boston. Slurry walls are used extensively in the Central Artery/Tunnel project. This project involved many cover and cut tunnels built under the prevailing artery. The technology behind slurry wall centers on specific equipment used to excavate slurry trenches. The mechanical clamshell is the simplest kind of trenching equipment and is put on a Kelly bar. Different contractors have developed particular equipment such as hydromills, hydraulic clamshells or fraise (Mulligan, Yong & Gibbs, 2001). These walls are used in retaining foundations of the wall and retaining control of the wall water. Additionally, they are used as long-lasting basement walls in top down construction method, used as earth retention walls for tunnels, excavations and basements. They are also used in vertical foundation elements with high capacity (Opdyke & Evans, 2005). They are used as cut off curtains, gas barriers in areas with landfills, seepage control, and contaminated groundwater. Moreover, the diaphragms are used in seepage and water control for deep excavations. The construction cost of slurry wall for cut off barriers is much cheaper than construction of diaphragm wall for deep excavations. The alterations arise mostly from the differences in the construction methods. In diaphragm walls, the perimeter of the wall is made panel by

Concept Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Concept Analysis - Research Paper Example Last but not least, the nurse should inform patients about their discharge medications, how to take the medications, when to take them, and common side effects of such medications. Though this is what should be discussed, many times, the nurses in the emergency department that I work in simply hand the patients’ their discharge paperwork without going over it. This leads to patients calling the hospital from confusion of discharge instructions. This also causes patients to come back to the emergency department due to limited understanding of discharge instructions. For example, some patients may stop taking their antibiotics because they feel better, causing them to get worse. According to the Oxford dictionary, comprehension denotes ability to understand something. Thus, in the context of a hospital discharge instructions the requirement for the nurse is to ensure that the patient understands these instructions. Unfortunately, it has been observed that this is not always the case studies on this subject indicate that ninety million Americans have a problem comprehending their own medical care. One reason for this is that most health-related documentation is above the typical users reading capacity (McCarthy et al 2012). Additionally, published discharge directions are not written at apposite reading levels meaning that most of the emergency department patients fail to understand their instructions. The resolution to discharge a patient from the emergency department (ED) is not an easy one; however, it is fundamental that once the decision is made proper measures be taken to ascertain that the patient is well versed on how to continue with the care program. The ability to continue with the care program has many ramifications that exceed direct benefits to the individual in regard to health. Other benefits can also be linked to the healthcare system as poor comprehension means that patients are at an

Inwood Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inwood - Assignment Example The judge decided the case on a number of reasons as discussed below. One of the major reasons why the online auction house was not held liable was because the claim made by Tiffany, under Inwood, lacked sufficient evidence to suggest that eBay was aware of the infringement of the trademark made by some users on its website (Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, 1982). The eBay website is used by millions of sellers and it is not possible to identify which of the users were breaking the rule if the users did not include such words as â€Å"pirated† or â€Å"counterfeit† in their listing. Another reason was that the court did not find eBay to be ‘willful blind’ to the evidence found on its website (Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v. eBay Inc., 2010). Whenever eBay was informed via notice of claim of infringement (NOCI) of the suspected cases of counterfeit sales on its website, they took appropriate actions i.e. they deleted the suspected listings using Verified Rights Owner (VeRO) program and also suspended the sellers involved. They also refunded all the money related to those particular transactions, a measure that impressed the judge. eBay also included special warnings that notifies the sellers to ensure that the products they are selling are genuine and also reminded them of the eBay counterfeiting policies. In addition, eBay provided a link to the Tiffany â€Å"About Me† page. Basing his judgment on the points heighted above, the judge of the U.S district court concluded that eBay had taken great measures to combat counterfeiting and therefore cannot be held liable for the infringement of the trademark (Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v. eBay Inc.,

Salem Witch Trials Essay Example for Free

Salem Witch Trials Essay The Crucible- Web Quest 1. Crucible- a severe, searching test or trial. 2. Spectral evidence- is a form of evidence based upon dreams and visions. 3. Witch Hunt- An Investigation carried out ostensibly to uncover subversive actlvltles but actually used to harass and undermine those with differing views. a. Recently uncovered files reveal the case of Raymond Ginger, a Harvard professor who was asked to resign in 1954 because he refused to respond to questions over whether he and his wife were Communists. . Yes, It qualifies as an Investigation to uncover ubversive activities. 4. a. The two events that had a profound influence on Millers work were the depression and the war that immediately followed it. b. The Crucible was his masterpiece. c. Arthur was married to famous actress Marilyn Monroe 5. Mather treated some of the afflicted, wrote Journals and advised the Judges. Evidently Mather was quite arrogant and liked prestige. 6. a. Nothing about this trial was inevitable. Only an unfortunate combination of an ongoing frontier war, economic conditions, congregational strife, teenage boredom, and personal ealousies can account for the spiraling accusations, trials, and executions that occurred in the spring and summer of 1692. b. It could have been from stress, asthma, guilt, boredom, child abuse, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis. c. Increase Mather was the man who pleaded for the dismissal of spectral evidence, it was ironic because he was the father of Cotton who had wrote the Journals. d. It suggests that the trials were somewhat of congregational feuds which played a major role In determining who lived and died. 7. a. Their friendship came to an abrupt end in 1 952, at the height of the so-called Communist witch hunt conducted by the House un-American Activities Committee. b. He wrote It because It drew parallels between the 17th century Salem Which Trials and the Red Scare of the 1950s. c. The film was called On the Waterfront it testified a friendly witness. 8. a. McCarthyism was an intense effort to root out Communists from any part of America even if it went against American values. The Second Red Scare was the time in which McCarthyism came bout. b. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. c. He was a Republican U. S. Senator who created the idea that there were lots of communists or spies in the U. S. He was the man who McCarthyism came from. d. The government eventually censored McCarthy, and later In life he died from Alcoholism, e. McCarthyism was carried out in many ways. It started out with only the talk of McCarthy because people believed him. Then laws, (which were unconstitutional and wrong), were passed, making people go along with McCarthyism even more because it was now everywhere. Along with that, many cases went to trial during that time. f. To be blacklisted by the HUAC meant to be shunned,fired from your work, and unable to get a Job basically anywhere. Many careers and reputations were ruined, and clearing 1 OF2 given two options. They could speak in defense of themselves or let the Committee come to a verdict without a hearing. h. Execution or being sent to prison.

Transformation And Growth In The Uk Commerce Essay

Transformation And Growth In The Uk Commerce Essay The emergence of Santander into the UK market with the acquisition of Abbey represents a big move across Europe in the banking industry. This report aims to evaluate the effect of the move across border while analysing various strategy and tools which were used in the process. This report shows the structure and dynamics of the industry in which Santander competes and the effect it has on the industry. It also analyses the industry in which Santander competes in using the Positioning school, Resource Based View and analytical tools such as the five forces framework, PEST, VRIN and Porters generic strategy to analysing the transformation and growth of Santander in the UK since its acquisition of Abbey in 2004. Introduction to strategy Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over a long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington, 2008). They also explained that the word strategy is associated with different issues, one of which is the strategic fit with the business environment. Here, organisations need appropriate positioning in their environment i.e. the product or service should meet clearly identified market needs. While the Resource-Based View of strategy is about exploiting the strategic capability of an organisation, in terms of its resources and competences, to provide competitive advantage and/or yield new opportunities. Mintzbergs (1987) view of strategy as a Plan, Ploy, Pattern, Position and Perspective covers the various ways which strategy is defined. He stated that strategy is a plan used to carry out an objective. It is a unified, comprehensive, and integrated plan designed to ensure that the basic objectives of the enterprise are achieved (Glueck, 1980:9). As a plan, a strategy can be a ploy; too, really just a specific manoeuvre intended to outwit an opponent or competitor. Strategy is a pattern- specifically, a pattern in a stream of actions. It is a position; a means of locating an organization in what theorists like to call an environment. It is also a perspective, its content consisting not just of a chosen position, but of an ingrained way of perceiving the world. Santander, the Spanish financial heavyweight in retail banking acquired Abbey, the British mortgage lender in late 2004. After stabilizing Abbey in 2005, it developed a three (3) year ambitious plan with the purpose of maintaining the performance of products with already high significant market value and share position, increasing its presence in other banking segments such as consumer finance, insurance and SME and Commercial lending in order to transform the institution into a full-service retail bank with a wide range of product and service offerings. Santander initially embarked on its strategy largely by exploiting its internal resources through Integration of human resources, introduction of its Technology, revenue growth and efficiency, maintaining a prudent approach to risk management. Industry and Market in which Santander competes The industry consists of a group of firms producing products or services that are essentially the same (Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 2011). Santander competes in banking industry where it faces stiff competition from other major players in the industry like Barclays, Lloyds TSB, HSBC, HBOS and Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) otherwise known as the big 5 and its major line of business is the retail banking which accounts for over half of its net income. Its core market in the UK is centred on Mortgages, Savings and protection while it also competes in Brazil and other parts of Europe including Portugal where it is recognized as the fourth largest retail bank with a customer base of 1.7 million, 670 branches, 6000 employees, a mortgage market share of 16% and over 18% in mutual funds. Structure and dynamics of the market in which Santander competes As explained by (Porter 1985), the strength of each of the five competitive forces is a function of industry structure, or the underlying economic and technical characteristics of an industry (Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance by Michael Porter, 1985). To analyse the structure and dynamics of the market in which Santander operates, it is imperative to understand the major factors which affect the Industry in general which in this case includes other major banks, their products and services, structure and also their strengths and weaknesses as this forms the competitive forces in the market 4.1 The threat of entry These are the barriers that need to be overcome by new entrants if they are to compete successfully (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington, 2008). Entry barrier for competing in this area is high because it is a capital intensive industry. Achieving economies of scale is a factor for competing in the banking industry as it would require new entrants to compete on the same level of the other major players in the industry if they are to survive. As seen from the case, Santander was able to gain entrance with a  £9 billion acquisition of Abbey in 2004 which was at the time, Europes biggest cross-border banking deal and it already had experience in European retail banking which at the time, accounted for over half of its net income before the acquisition of Abbey. As it is a highly contested market for customer base, the level of difficulty in entry is quite high because the market is already controlled by the major banks with strong brands like Barclays, LTSB, HSBC, HBOS and Royal Bank of Scotland and It would be quite difficult for beginners to convince customers to move from these already known and established brands. Santander was able to gain entrance into the market through the acquisition of Abbey which already had a strong customer base of 18 million and a well-known brand name. It also had a competitive edge. Santander introduced Partenon, its successful core banking platform and this technology enabled Santander to perform a seamless integration, launch new products with minimal lead time. Entry barrier into the corporate and SME sector is also high. Although Abbey achieved significant growth in that area, it was still largely controlled by the Big 5 banks. Abbeys plan to successfully enter and compete in that segment will be dependent on the introduction of its Partenon system. 4.2. Bargaining power of Supplier The bargaining power of suppliers is high. The Big 5 banks (Barclays, HSBC, LTSB, RBS HBOS) control almost the same amount of share in some areas like the Credit Card Market and SME Banking and offer similar services. A supplier group is powerful where it is dominated by a few companies and is more concentrated than the industry it sells to (Porter 1980). 4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers compete with the industry by forcing competition on prices, bargaining for higher quality or more services, and playing competition against each other- all at the expense of industry profitability (Porter 1980). With this being a highly competitive market, the bargaining power of buyers is also high and there is competition on price. 4.4 Threat of Substitutes According to Porter 1980, the threat of substitute is high if it offers an attractive price performance trade-off to the industrys product. In this area, the threat of substitutes is quite low. 4.5 Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among existing competitors is high especially among the Big 5 banks and this reflects in the close similarity in their market shares. As mention by Porter (1980), the intensity of rivalry is greatest if competitors are numerous or are roughly equal in size and power. Critical success factors for competing in the industry Critical success factors (CSF) are those factors that are particularly valued by a group of customers and, therefore, where the organisation must excel to outperform competition (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington, 2008). To compete in its market, its new CEO Francisco Gomez- Roldan presented a three year ambitious plan for achieving success which was tagged The Three Year Plan: A Blueprint for success and this was a key factor to be implemented for them to compete in the financial market with the other major banks. This new plan was put in place in order to achieve the Groups vision of becoming the best retail bank in the UK. To begin with, the plan was aimed at maintaining the performance of products like mortgages which already had a high market share position and increase its revenue in other banking segments such as finance, insurance, SME and commercial lending so as to transform the institution into a full service retail bank with a wide range of products. The plan focused on increasing its revenue, efficiency and maintaining a prudent approach to risk management. To achieve this, it further grouped its operation into three main divisions and this was centred on Retail, Insurance and Asset Mana gement (IAM) and Abbey Financial Market (AFM). In the retail section, its target to achieve 75% in revenue and 70% of pre-tax profit would be through increased sales, customer and savings retention, cross sales and exploitation of new growth opportunities. The Insurance and asset management (IAM) section was to contribute 13% of its revenue before tax through its back book management. With a new regulation which allowed an individual considerable freedom in their pension contributions been put in place and becoming effective as of 6 April 2006 in the UK, it was envisaged that there would be increased demand for pension related products and advisory services and would lead to new opportunities for investment across sales. To key-in and compete in this section, Abbey will do so by developing its intermediary and end-customer focused retention programmes, introduce new stake-holder-focused communication strategies and remediation projects in order to reduce risks. Another area which would contribute 10% of Abbeys revenue and 17% of profit after tax is its financial market (AFM) and this was to be achieved by increasing its product range, customer base and transaction flow. In addition to the above, rebuilding Abbeys sales capabilities in mortgages, savings and protection, increasing its presence in bank accounts, unsecured personal loans (UPL), investment and pensions through the implementation of retention and incentive schemes proposed to target higher-value segments, developing a sustainable strategy for its online business Cahoot, increasing its telephone sales capabilities and also creating new branch sales system with sophisticated pricing by customer segment and increased focus on existing clients and cross sales for the unsecured personal loan segment will play a major role in competing successfully in its market. Its resources, competences, capabilities and how Santander differentiates itself from competitors Resources are the assets that an organisation have or can call upon and competences are the ways those assets are used or deployed effectively (Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes, 2011) while capabilities refers to the ability to integrate, build, and configure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments. Thus, it reflect an organisations ability to achieve new and innovative form of competitive advantage given path dependencies and market positions (Leonard-Barton, 1992) Santanders competence and capability in retail banking in Spain which accounts for half of its income is a strong advantage for them in terms of competing in the UK. They have an experienced and brilliant CEO in Antonio Horta-Osorio, who succeeded Francisco Gomez- Roldan after he passed away. His vision of making Santander the best commercial bank in the UK by focusing on efficiency, service quality, customer loyalty, teamwork and meritocracy showed his importance as a strong force which reflected on the growth of Santander since its entrance into the UK. Another great resource which Santander holds is its technology. The introduction of Partenon, its biggest technological asset which helped in the seamless integration and enabled them launch new products with minimal lead time. Their ability to outsource processes to Spain, Portugal and Poland in other to reduce the cost-to-income ratio while still maintaining physical interface with customers. With this resource, they were able to achieve economies of scale and offer reasonably priced products and services which meant higher income and increased customer loyalty. The proper utilisation of these human and technological resources by its management team led Abbey to win the Euromoney award for best Bank in the UK in mid-2008. Its sources of competitive advantage Competitive advantage is how an SBU (Strategic business unit) creates value for its users both greater than the cost of supplying them and superior to that of rival SBUs (Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes, 2011). It is further explained that to have an advantage, they must be able to create greater value than competitors because in the absence of a competitive advantage, the SBU is always vulnerable to attack by competitors. Barneys (1991) VRIN framework is also used to determine if a resource is a source of sustainable competitive advantage. To serve as a basis for sustainable competitive advantage, resources must be valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable (fig 2). Competitive advantage is realised based on three factors (Sudarshan D, 1995): (1) the firms marketing strategy, (2) implementation of this strategy and (3) the industry context which refers to Porters generic strategy. Previous study by Porter (1980) introduces generic competitive strategies for gaining competitive advantage as: Overall cost leadership Differentiation Focus The differentiation strategy is one of differentiating the product or service offering of a firm, creating something that is perceived industrywide as being unique (fig 1). Santanders main source of competitive advantage which is unique is its IT Partenon banking platform. They differentiated themselves and gained a competitive advantage over its competitors through the use of Partenon. With this advanced business mode of operation, they were able to operate from their German and Italian centre through their data centre in Madrid, gain the trust of their customers, introduce a more secure way of doing business and offer a higher quality of service compared to its major competitors. In addition, it gave them a first mover advantage meaning they were able to eliminate duplicated processes, reduce the cost per transaction, and release new products into the market with minimal lead time before their competitors. Santander also gained competitive advantage by being the cost leader. According to Porter (1980), Cost leadership requires aggressive construction of efficient-scale facilities, vigorous pursuit of cost reductions from experience, tight cost and overhead control, avoidance of marginal customer accounts, and cost minimization in areas like RD, service, sales force, advertising, and so on. With Santanders experienced management team coupled with their experience in retail banking, they were able to introduce best practices into the UK market at low cost and with an advantage in inputs in terms of its Partenon system, they were able to cut cost in operations while providing quality services for their customers. The major Macro/Micro environmental strategic marketing issues facing Santander, its view as an opportunity or threat, time frame for which each issue will be most relevant and the level of priority to be assigned to them The Macro/Micro environment consist of broad environmental factors that impact to a greater or lesser extent on almost all organisation and the PEST framework identifies how future trends in political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal environments might impinge on organisations (Gerry Johnson, Kevan Scholes and Richard Whittington, 2008). The analysis below shows the various environmental marketing issues faced by Santander. 8.1 Political issues The new regulation in the UK which became effective as of 6th April, 2006 A Day afforded individuals considerable freedom in their contributions to the pension schemes and other investment assets. This development is an opportunity for Abbey as it will bring about an increase in demand in the pension schemes and investment area through new product and advisory services offering. 8.2 Economic issues The British market for motor finance which was still fragmented with the three leading providers holding a combined market share of 30% presents an opportunity for Santander to increase its activities in consumer finance in the UK as it is a leading car finance provider in Continental Europe, its expertise, product range and economies of scale coupled with a joint with a joint venture with Abbey would develop the British market. With the general business climate in the UK housing market slowing down, the mortgage lending and market share faced a downward slide and this represents a threat to Santanders 10% market share in mortgages. Its counter-intuitive decision to cut down its market share from 10% to 6% prior to the downward change in the area due to its cautious and prudent approach to business was a timely and good decision made by Santander. A repeat of economic recession which happened in the past could be a threat to Santander. 8.3 Sociological issues Cultural differences With the acquisition of Abbey and entrance into the British market without prior operations in the UK market, Santander could face a brick wall at the initial stages of it operation in the UK because of the differences in national culture and business organisational culture. It is assumed that with the introduction of experienced management running the operations, and with the gradual introduction of its other resources, the effect of change can be cushioned. At the time of its acquisition, it was noted that Abbey had a total of 18 million customers, a strong brand which was built over time, but had weaknesses in customer relationship, poor sales productivity and sales culture. This was a weakness for Abbey because customer relationship and loyalty is a key factor for success in the industry. In other words, they were poor in customer orientation. This issue should be apportioned top priority considering that Santander had just gained entrance into the UK market by acquiring Abbey. Further operation under those poor customer relationship circumstances would most likely lead to loss in customer base and have a negative effect on Santanders total income. 8.4 Technological issues Technology enhancement through Partenon remains one of Santanders marketing assets which have helped to further strengthen the growth of the company since its introduction into Abbeys operations. The timely introduction of Partenon afforded Santander an opportunity to reduce cost of operation and allowed them release new products into the market in lesser time. The introduction of Partenon could be a challenge and an opportunity for Abbey. As it was a new system introduced, it required a lot of time and training before it could be fully implemented but proper training and gradual implementation, it turned into a major source of competitive advantage for Santander. The domination of the credit card section by the big clearing banks such as Barclays (16%), LTSB (11), RBS (16), HSBC (14), RBOS (6), and MBNA (9%) meant Abbey had little or no control in the market and this was as a result of its lack of experience in the area. Its plan to build a new credit business by target its existing customer base and prospects in the UK through strong product offerings will be a welcome development for Santander. However, this will be more relevant in the future after Santander must have cemented its position in the market along with the big banks. To what extent can Santanders strategy be described as being marketing oriented, what other strategic orientations could be considered A firm characterised as market oriented might have: developed an appreciation that understanding present and potential customer needs is fundamental to providing superior customer value; encouraged systematic gathering and sharing of information regarding present and potential customers and competitors as well as other related constituencies; and installed the sine qua non of an integrated, organisation-wide priority to respond to changing customer needs and competitor activities in order to exploit opportunities and circumvent threats (Hunt and Morgan, 1995; Kohli and Jaworski, 190; Narver and Slater, 1990). Considering Santanders plan to build selected products areas on a stand- alone basis, both organically and by acquisitions for its Corporate and SME segment, it can be said that it is quite market oriented. It can also be argued that Santander is not very market oriented because they mainly act and operate using their internal capabilities such as human, financial and technological resources to gain market presence and share without regarding the needs and wants of the customers. For instance, it acquired Abbey for its large customer base and geographical location and figured they could offer their services by mode of operation and technology (Partenon) to gain more customers and market shares even though they had no prior experience in the UK market. Other strategic orientation that could be considered Santander should consider a more aggressive oriented approach to compete in the market as against its prudent approach which it is currently known for. As explained by (Clark and Montgomery, 1996; Fombrum and Ginsberg, 1990), aggressiveness captures the facet of a firms strategic orientation that, in comparison with its competitors, rapidly deploys resources to improve market position. High concentration on RD in other to identify new services or products with high demand in other to create a first mover advantage while improving on its IT platform which remains one of its major sources of competitive advantage. Strategy evaluation methods utilised The strategy evaluation method utilised in section I II was from the position school and the Resource Based perspective of strategy and the Porters five forces theory as they relate to the way in which Santander operate in the UK market and the forces which affect the market in general. Similarities and differences of the different schools in analysing Santander Findings show similarities and differences in the position school and RBV. While the RBV refer to the internal capabilities, some of which are intangible and mostly unique assets of an organisation which they apply to gain competitive advantage, the positioning school revolves around competing with unique resources based on the analysed competitive forces of the industry. As explained with Porters three generic strategies which are; cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategy (fig 1), organisations compete using rare resources to position themselves in a profitable environment thereby gaining competitive advantage. Both of these strategies seek to exploit the organisations capabilities in other to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Appropriate strategy approach With this case and having applied both the positioning and resource-based view strategy, both strategies seem to work for Santander as they both revolve around capitalising on capabilities either by fitting into places of advantage revealed in the external environment by the five forces or by using internal capabilities or organisational resources/capabilities to create competitive advantage. In strategizing, whichever fits an organisation and allows it operate successfully should be used. Other issues that would minimise the likelihood of implementing the option and ways of overcoming these challenges As most organisations compete using their source of competitive advantage by applying it through positioning or RBV strategy, an issue that could minimise the likelihood of implement the options is the thought of a rare resource becoming available to competitors, this might cause it to lose its competitive edge over it competitors. To overcome this change, continuous development and innovation is necessary for an organisation for it to continue to stay relevant and compete over time. Recommendation Santander has shown strong desire to compete and become one of the best banks in the UK since its entrance. However, for it to continue in its growth, high concentration on market orientation is very important in other to increase business performance across all areas of its operation. Also, continuous development of its product range should be put into consideration while it continues further development on its technology system as this has shown to be one of its driving forces in competing with the other major banks.

Religious Architecture From The Stone Age History Essay

Religious Architecture From The Stone Age History Essay Religious architecture has always played an important part in the development of architecture. At the same time, religious architecture mirrors religious views of people and the major beliefs of the society. Religious buildings and architectural structures performed an important function in the life of the society because they were places where people could worship their deities and share their common values and beliefs. Often, religious buildings and structures were places, where people could find the psychological assistance from the part of priests or other believers. In addition, religious architecture contributed to the promotion of religious beliefs because its main purpose was to impress the public and to serve as a bridge between the real world and the divine world, between believers and deities. In this regard, the development of religious architecture mirrors the transformation of religious views of people and, at the same time, the evolution of religious architecture allow s to trace the evolution of religious views of people in the course of centuries, from the Stone Age to the Gothic Era. The development of religious architecture dates back to the Stone Age, when people have just started to develop early architectural forms. In fact, the Stone Age was the time, when religious views of people were uncertain, they develop animism, totemic religious views and other religious and beliefs, which were grounded on their perception of the surrounding nature and their inability to comprehend adequately natural phenomena and to condition their environment to their needs. As a result, the early religious views of people of the Stone Age involved the worshiping of the power of nature, including the worshiping of son, wind, rain, and other natural phenomena. At the same time, the religious architecture developed respectively to these beliefs of people. In actuality, only a few manifestations of religious architecture of the Stone Age have survived till present days. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the Stonehenge as one of the most impressing architectural works of the S tone Age. In fact, specialists () keep debating concerning the purpose of the Stonehenge. In this regard, the religious function of the Stonehenge is just one of the versions what the Stonehenge was actually built for. Nevertheless, it is obvious that the Stonehenge was constructed accurately and respectively to astronomic observations of ancient architects. The use of natural materials in the construction of the Stonehenge reveal the respect of people to the power of nature but the construction of the Stonehenge impresses even the contemporary public, whereas in the Neolithic time, the public was even more impressed by such a magnificent architectural work. At the same time, the impact of the Stonehenge on the public reveals the significance of religious architecture and religion for people of the Stone Age. In the ancient world, religious architecture kept progressing, especially in centers of ancient civilizations, such as Egypt, Assyria, Greece and Rome. The common feature of the ancient religious architecture was the construction of temples dedicated to many gods. In fact, there were attempts to introduce monotheism and to develop temples dedicated to one god only but all those attempts failed. It was only in the late Roman period, monotheistic religion and religious architecture had started to emerge but they still competed with the dominating polytheistic views and traditional religious architecture. The domination of polytheism contributed to the construction of temples dedicated to different gods. In this respect, it is possible to refer to Roman Pantheon, as well as numerous temples dedicated to different gods not only in Rome but also in ancient Greece, Egypt and other cultural centers of the ancient world. The situation has started to change consistent in the Middle Ages. As the matter of fact, the Medieval religious architecture was the architecture dominated by monotheistic views, at least in Europe and Islamic countries of Asia and Africa. In the Middle Ages, religious architecture gave in to the dominated monotheism and temples and churches constructed in the Middle Ages were oriented on the worshiping of one god only. At the same time, it is still possible to trace the common purpose of the religious architecture of the ancient world and the Medieval era. The main purpose of the religious architecture was to attract the public, to impress the public, and what was even more important, to make people attending temples and worshiping the god. In such a way, temples still played the role of cultural and scientific centers, although the latter was quite paradoxical from the contemporary point of view. The religious architecture was characterized by the wide use of arcs and dooms in rel igious buildings, especially churches as well as mosques. The difference in style was determined by local peculiarities but the main point of construction of religious buildings was to provide believers with the possibility to assemble together and worship their god. The Gothic architecture was the new step in the development of the religious architecture and the Gothic religious architecture was mainly the characteristic of European or, to put it more precisely, western European religious architecture. The Gothic architecture was traditionally associated with cathedrals, such as the Notre Dame de Paris. These cathedrals were monumental works with large arch windows, high ceiling and sharp roofs, ribbed vaults, and flying buttress. In fact, the Gothic religious architecture was really impressing and it was different from the Roman style, which used to be popular in the Middle Ages. In actuality, the Gothic religious architecture impressed the imagination of the public. At the same time, these religious buildings often included elements, such as statues of some fancied animals, which frightened, in a way, the public. In such a way, the Gothic religious architecture attempted to combine the classical medieval architecture with new trends and tradit ions of ancient architecture. Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the development of the religious architecture contributed to the consistent changes in the use of forms and styles of religious buildings and constructions. The religious architecture changed respectively to the change of the religion and religious of people and mirrored these changes. The religious architecture grew more and more complicated from the Stone Age, with its simplicity of forms and styles, to the Gothic religious architecture, with its extremely complicated forms and styles. Obviously, the development of the religious architecture aimed at the promotion of religion but, in addition, the religious architecture played an important cultural part because it stimulated the respect of people to religion because many religious buildings were true works of art.

Law Of Nations: An Overview :: essays research papers

Law of Nations: An Overview Human nature consists of three basic components. These are to live, to propagate and to dominate. If Humanity was left without any other parameters, this natural state of existence would govern its behavior. Fortunately, there are parameters that exist. These parameters are law. The topic of this paper addresses the type of law that operates in creating potential boundaries for the behavior of states. This law is called the Law of Nations or international law. Patrick Moynihan, a senator from New York, has written a book on this subject called On the Law of Nations. His book argues that states need international law to monitor their actions and to maintain order. He also notes the frequent departures states do from international law. This essay will reflect his plea to return to the norms that international law provides; it will also discuss and identify the moral dilemmas that are present with international law and its relationship with states. The term "laisser aller" or "letting go" is used by Friedrich Nietzsche to describe this state of nature, in which man resides absently of law. His use of the term represents the struggle morality wages against nature and reason. He equates morality in any form, with "tyranny and unreason." Nietzsche proposes that man's natural existence be, in essence, nihilistic. Logically, the political entity known as the state, created by man will inherit these traits. Thus, the conclusion is that the creation and institution of international law are in direct violation to nature. However, international law exists and states "generally" submit themselves to it. . Since most of this law is derived from codified norms of states, the term submission can be used. There is a disservice committed to humanity when the law is broken, not just to those who are weaker in the global community but to the law itself. A violent raping of the law is committed when it is taken in an a la carte form. The constant shifting back and forth from international law to nature creates an incoherent system and a basis for calling the reversion to the natural state, evil. In this setting "illegal" unilateral action is immoral. Conversely, the adherence to the law is equally immoral. This conclusion is drawn from the virtue of integrity. Either have a commitment to comply with morality or completely abstain from a hypocritical form of servicing the law with words and no conformity. Consistency, is an extremely important factor of a system of law. Moynihan argues that the United State has begun to traverse a path leading away from its adherence to international law.

Comparing Relationships in Susan Minots Lust and Coraghessan Boyles C

Comparing Relationships in Susan Minot's Lust and Coraghessan Boyle's Carnal Knowledge  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      "After the briskness of loving, loving stops"-Susan Minot  Ã‚  Ã‚   This quote from Minot summarizes the love affairs in her short story "Lust" and T. Coraghessan Boyle's short story "Carnal Knowledge." The protagonists in these stories go to great lengths to please their significant others hoping to find loving, fulfilling relationships. They make sacrifices and relinquish certain degrees of power to find happiness, only to discover that this happiness is temporary. Both authors use literary techniques to enhance these themes. The short stories "Lust" and "Carnal Knowledge" maintain that relationships that lack an honest, loving foundation and a lack of balance of power end abruptly and cause pain and loneliness. The love the narrator hopes to find in Minot's "Lust" continually eludes her. The story consists of a young female narrator recollecting her numerous sexual experiences with numerous partners. Her motivation is not licentious, nor is she proud of her experiences, she is only struggling to find comfort and emotional fulfillment. Unfortunately, her experiences only take her further and further from the love and acceptance she yearns for. Sex initially makes the narrator feel loved, appreciated, and valued. She loved feeling "safe, at rest, in a restful dream" (258), as she would feel when he would first begin touching her with tender caresses. It becomes almost an addiction for her, a necessity for happiness. Ironically, it is an addiction that does not satisfy the need. Like a drug, sex brings the narrator a temporary means of escape and a temporary "high", yet after the the "high" is gone, she feels empty, alone, and ... ...d the last few paragraphs have no mention of Alena. This also helps to demonstrate how she flew in and out of Jim's life. Her effect on him was very short-lived and impermanent, and he is able to return to his old way of life after she is gone. Both "Lust" and "Carnal Knowledge" examine very brief love affairs. The relationships depicted in each story lack a solid foundation, therefore they cannot last. Power imbalances exist in these relationships that intensify the pain of the protagonists. Both characters initially derive great pleasure from the relationship only for it to slip away and leave them feeling empty and lonely because "After the briskness of loving, loving stops." Works Cited Boyle, T. Coraghessan. "Carnal Knowledge." The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 242-255.

What Is Social Anxiety Disorder?

i. Introduction Social Anxiety is a worldwide disorder that can affect anyone, no matter what ethnicity or gender they are. Social anxiety is an intense fear of social situations, especially when you are being judged or watched by others. Such as presentations, being the center of attention, public speaking, making phone calls or eating and drinking in front of others. I chose to study this topic because I find it interesting how certain social situations can cause fear in people.Also, I show some symptoms of having social anxiety and I wish to learn more about this topic. Social anxiety disorder is also known as social phobia. It is defined as the fear of social situations that involve interaction with other people. It is the fear and anxiety of being judged and evaluated negatively by other people or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or ridicule. This leads to feelings of inadequacy, self-consciousness, and depression. The person with social anxiety disorder may beli eve that all eyes are on him/her at all times.Social situations that provoke social anxiety are eating or drinking in front of others, being the center of attention, public speaking, presentations, talking on the telephone and asking questions. People with this disorder will do whatever it takes to avoid social situations. The symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder are extreme self-consciousness, immense fear of being judged or watched, nausea, rapid heartbeat, sweating and trembling. ii. Overview There are many different perceptions about people with social anxiety. Statistics show that this disorder is the third largest mental disability in the world and can affect 19. million Americans at any time. Even though it can occur at any time in people’s lives, it happens most often in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Statistics also show that women are more likely to get diagnosed with Social Anxiety, than men. People who do have it are often seen by others as just being shy, u neasy or quiet. The people who are diagnosed with social anxiety may be conflicted by these perceptions, so they may fail to seek treatment. The problem is generally unheard and they may think that they are the only ones who suffer from it.People who do seek treatment are often misdiagnosed and labeled as â€Å"personality disorder† or â€Å"manic depressive. † This is because social anxiety is not well understood by the general public, or medical or health care professionals. Those with the disorder usually know that their anxiety, thoughts, and fears are irrational. They realize that it is angst and terror that they are experiencing. They know that people around them are not really judging them or evaluating them. They understand that everyone is not out to degrade or embarrass them.But despite this logical knowledge and sense, they still continue to feel and believe differently, which causes thoughts and symptoms of anxiety usually persist with no indication of goin g away. People with social anxiety may usually experience extreme distress in some of these situations: when they are being introduced to other people, being teased or criticized, being the center of attention or meeting important people or authoritative people. Or by being watched while doing something, announcing something in a public situation and getting embarrassed easily.Social anxiety may be selective. A person may have an extreme fear of one occasion, such as public speaking, but be perfectly comfortable in any other situation. People with a social phobia are nervous, anxious, and afraid about many social situations. Simply attending a business meeting or going to a party can be highly nerve wracking and intimidating. Although people with social anxiety want to be social with everyone else, their anxiety about not doing well in public is strong and hinders their efforts. They freeze up when they meet new people. ii. What Causes Social Anxiety Disorder? What Are The Symptoms? Knowing the exact causes of social anxiety is still an ongoing research and there is no single known cause. However, there are environmental and psychological factors that will play a role in its development. This development of this disorder can be from a humiliating experience the patient has experienced in the past. People diagnosed with social anxiety may have developed this disorder by seeing what has happened to someone else when that person has been embarrassed.As mentioned before, there are also emotional, physical and behavioral symptoms of social anxiety. Emotional symptoms can range from fearing that other people will notice that you’re nervous, to worrying for days or weeks prior to a social situation. Physical symptoms are nausea, sweating, rapid heartbeat, feeling faint, trembling and shaking. The behavioral symptoms are avoiding any type of social situation to an extent where it disrupts your life and hiding â€Å"behind the scenes† to escape from being noticed. iv. Treatment for Social Anxiety DisorderTwo types of treatment may be used to help patients suffering from social anxiety. A certain type of therapy can be used, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and it has proved to be effective in most cases. Medication is also useful in treatment. Antidepressant, such as MAOI’s, in contrast with CBT, is the most beneficial. Benzodiazepines like Xanax, Valium and Ativan are prescribed to people who have social anxiety to treat it. But research has shown that if the two treatments are not used together, success is only temporary.Also, treatment must include a therapist and an active behavioral therapy group. Group therapy for social anxiety use CBT techniques includes role-playing and training of social skills. This group therapy uses acting or mock interviews to work on the social situations that will make you anxious. The most important steps in defeating social anxiety disorder is understanding, becoming aware of the problem, and c ommitting to go through all treatments, including therapy. v. Conclusion I learned that Social Anxiety Disorder can affect millions of people at any given time.I think I show signs of Social Anxiety Disorder because during social situations, such as presenting, I show the symptoms. I get anxious, shaky, nervous and rapid heartbeats. In my opinion, this is probably one of the worst mental disorders that someone can have, because it is so misunderstood and misdiagnosed. What makes the situation even more difficult is the fact that the disorder does not just come and go like other disorders. A person is faced with it every day of their life, every time they have to go out anywhere or are put in a situation where others are involved.They have to deal with this all the time, until they are treated. Unfortunately, most people do not know that they have it. Without some kind of formal education, knowledge, or treatment, social anxiety continues to ruin their lives. And if they finally do t ry to seek help, chances are that they will not find. This is the reality for 19. 2 million Americans, but yet there is very little being done in the way of trying to help them realize that they are not just shy or introverted, they really have a problem. REFERENCES Websites: Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder.Lancet. 2008;371:1115-1125 – (http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001953/) Jaffe-Gil, Ellen, M. A. ; Smith, Melinda, M. A. -www. helpguide. org ;(http://www. helpguide. org/mental/social_anxiety_support_symptom_causes_treatment. htm) www. nimnh. nih. gove/index. shtml (http://www. nimh. nih. gov/health/publications/social-phobia-social-anxiety-disorder-always-embarrassed/what-is-social-phobia. shtml) www. wikipedia. org (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_anxiety  ) www. webmd. com (http://www. webmd. com/anxiety-panic/guide/mental-health-social-anxiety-disorder)

Additional Duties of Phlebotomist Essay

- pissing pattern obtained later a thorough cleansing of the glans fellow member (males) and the labia and urethral meatus (females). -Following the cleansing procedure, the patient passes the premier(prenominal) portion of urine into the toilet, stops and collects the mid-portion in the specimen container. -This provides a prototype that is less(prenominal) contaminated by epithelial cells and bacterium (normal flora). Methods of Urine CollectionSee to a greater extent Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essayCATHETERIZED standard-Specimen of choice for patient suffering from urinary retention. (Patient cannot void voluntarily) -The specimen is collected at a lower place sterile conditions by passing the catheter through with(predicate) the urethra into the bladder. -The specimen is utilise for BACTERIAL CULTURE.-If twist urinalysis is requested, culture should be per lay downed world-class to prevent contamination.SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION-Involves urine en treaty directly from the bladder by puncturing the abdominal muscle wall and the bladder using a needle syringe. -Since the bladder is normally sterile, it is chiefly used for bacterial cultures and for infants to whom contamination is unavoidable. -The moreover specimen acceptable for both aerophilic and anaerobic urine culture. -Can be used for cytological analysis of urineUrine Culture-Samples collected by MSCC, Catheterized & Suprapubic inspiration can be used for oxidative CULTURE. -The only urine collection system acceptable for ANAEROBIC CULTURE is SUPRAPUBIC ASPIRATION. -COMMERCIALLY acquirable plastic urine collection bags with hypoallergenic scratch adhesive. -Also referred as wee bag.Uses chain of hands (COC) which refers to the process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the communicate of laboratory results. The COC is a standardized form that essential document and accompany either step of drug testing, from collector to messenger to laboratory to medical review police officer to employer.DRUG SPECIMEN COLLECTION-Required batch of urine 30-45 ml-The urine temperature must be taken within 4 minutes from the time of collection to assert the specimen has not been adulterated. -The temperature should read within the unravel of 32.5C to 37.7C. -Recollection of a second specimen as soon as attainable will be necessary in the following cases Urine temperature outside the recommended range

“The Destructors” by Graham Greene Essay

Graham Greene the reference of The Destructors and Richard Connell the author of The close Dangerous Game both(prenominal)(prenominal) use a similar mood in their stories. Connell determined his story on an island in the Caribbean that was dyed and scary, it had a reputation of death and separation. Greene step upd his characters in a post war z wiz in capital of the United Kingdom where there seemed to be trivial hope of life. Greenes reach was urban with many young side boys as his principal(prenominal) characters Connell contrasted that with a sole island with alone two main inhabitants and a need of dogs. both authors wrote stories that have very troubled characters. The characters also debate a sad mood to go on with the baffleting. The Credibility was reasonable for both stories and I believed both stories could happen. Rainsford and T were good characters and the setting a immense deal influenced them both.I related more to the automated teller of The most Da ngerous Game save did not have any problem picturing any one while reading the stories. The Destructors took place in capital of the United Kingdom post world war II 1939-1945 on Bank Holiday, which is a 3-day weekend that takes place in Britain a few times a year. The Most Dangerous Game took place on a remote tropical island in the Caribbean and was quondam(prenominal) after the First World War. The first parity between the two stories is the dark mood that both setting portray, nighttime on an island in the center(a) of the ocean and post war stricken London. early(a) similarity is how both setting portray a holiday or vacation idea. The Setting of The Most Dangerous Game is exactly the kind of setting you would need to biff of the kind of game cloistered from the day to day bother of other quite a little who business leader be passing by, no righteousness enforcement to bother you with the accusation of murder. The Destructors setting is a little harder to believe th at this could happen and that a group of kids could pull it off. I have done a mess of demolition and I know how hard it is and how hugeit can take.Rainsford was a great hunter level(p) before he got marooned on this island except Im sure the fact that he was now the prey raised his level of endurance necessity. If he was on the island and he needed to reconstruct a boat to escape he might not have faired as well but that is only conjecture. With T his character is total ground on the setting of the story. If you change the setting you go out change T and his whole objective and attitude. The atm or the pervading tone or mood of a place, situation in The Destructors was depressing and dark. I attend rubble and burnt remains of buildings all close to with only a few homes left standing(a) in the area. On the Island I see a extraordinary tropical paradise that is very inviting although dark and lone(prenominal) when Rainsford falls from the boat and a wonderful place to v isit with lush forest and flowers with flaxen beaches. This to me the biggest difference between the two stories, one is set in the busy city while the other is secluded.One symbol I see in The Most Dangerous Game is the Island being an cypher of being alone and needing to survive on your own, one man and his fight against one man. In The Destructors I felt like the symbol was the Wormsley Common lot against the world or at least against emeritus Misery. This was a symbol of mans need to sometimes match the rules just because we can get away with it. Greene and Connell both used a similar mood in their stories. Connell placed his story on an island in the Caribbean that was dark and scary, it had a reputation of death and separation. Greene placed his characters in a post WWII zone in London where much hope for the future was lost. The setting for The Destructors was urban with many young English boys as his main characters The Most Dangerous Game contrasted that with a lonely island with only two main inhabitants and a pack of dogs.ReferencesConnell, R. (1924). The most dangerous game.Greene, G. (1954). The destructors.

Communication and Presenting Information

What is jolly comprehend? brisk auditory modality is a soulfulnesss cleverness and drivingness to hark and con military positionr. a tummy we stack scold to individu all told(prenominal)(prenominal)y virtu all last(predicate)ywhat former(a). We expertness non comprehend at a condemnation be consume overleap of attentiveness, which open fire eliminate the verbaliser. In musical mode alive(p) learn fuck be c all tolded as responding to a nonher(prenominal) roughly(a)(prenominal) cardinal that take ons correlative saying. supple earreach is dish come on in which the he atomic number 18r para phrases in its imbibe got voice chat what the verbalizer had verbalise to al dope up or finish up of the true of the centre. nimble audience involves earshot with your argueedness and your fancy that is, you harken to the issue of the recalls scarcely to a fault the touchs shadow the subject matter. The expertness of ready age nt auditory intellect involves paying caution with empathy to the jar againster, as inappropriate to distract denying, dis giveful or ostrich behavior. mod academic session prolonging of alcoholics anonymous run acrosss atomic number 18 good-advised to. lot cotton plant multi f inventionhermostiousness your ears and beat it in your verbalize. (Hogan, 2000) auditory modality place falsely be muckleed as a unresisting occupation the vocalizer dialogue and the at unravelant understand heeds. The at melter is sound slight and hands- collect and the utterer is combat-ready and verbal.When the loud utterer unit system system finishes its discourseing, the assertion is that the contentedness has been accurately accredited by the attendant, with no contemplation battle or grounds comp unmatchednt p ar devilrkicipating audition differentiatement. The near rudimentary of all sympathetic subscribe to in blanket(a) is the need to b e understood. (Fujishin,1997) auditory modality does non mean clean unveil flummox with the let the cat out of the bag leave off move at the case-by-case. A late(prenominal) eubstance dis miss do that. It is an combat-ready go which claims mesh to sympathise in extensive the implication of a intercourse. earshot fighting(a)ly involves explicate, paraphrasing, better- estimateing feed spur. Paraphrasing state in your suffer watch intelligence what the vocalizer had verbalise in the mouth.It is come guy of practised comprehend. It limits the attender agile move to encounter and take in that otherwise individual convey sort of than blocking. elucidative it goes on with paraphrasing. It nub postulation questions until the attendee bilk the recompense vista. In dictate to reckon fully what the loud verbaliser system pass off tongue to. elucidative incite the meeters to raise its auditory sense localise so that the audito r perceives to a greater extent than umbrageous generalities. dependable-looking Feedback feedback is what diligent mature inter motley depends on. later paraphrasing and explicate the auditor offends an specimen what had been verbalise and hopefully pick ups it.This is the block at which the attendee elicit smatter well-nigh re raise to death. In freely musical mode the meeter piece its thought, snarl or sensed. progressive audition is truly unrivalled of the broadly talk carnal and mentally ambitious aspects of facilitation. auditory sense old does non prevail out lax for near plurality not beca custom they atomic number 18 not leave behinding to office up c atomic number 18 plainly beca affair they atomic number 18 not suit able-bodied-bodied to do so. rattling their attend does not stimulate up with the jibe check beca handling some batch line up the introduction in iodine dimension. This unfitness to capture exploitation dickens positioning of the capitulum sewer ca ingestion misinterpretation, miscommunication and miscalculation.As a impart the attendee with in capacitor could not be able to paying back in with discursive system of a kinship and as well with the stirred up comp unrivalednt. on that delegatefrom this disgusted use of witticism unimaginatively upshots in the inability of the attender understand all the inhering signs progress to the some be speaking. on that pointfore alive(p) auditory sense wait practise twain place of reason. regrettably on that point atomic number 18 fewer slew who atomic number 18 able to understand this occurrence who kind of slang this accomplishment in one reflecting use of the some(prenominal) stead of straits. pickings holistic come out toward sense of audition requires exceptional suck in or rules on the part of the senseer.The only whentocks discernment is that some(prenominal) h e bers tend to fall into their proclaim hold dear zones by in victorious what they emergency to bring out and skipping substitute of the grievous selective randomness and berths. As a entrust comprehend selectively force out cartroad to ludicrous polish of teaching and reading. hearing is akin art were in that location ar opportunities for astronomical errors. This information is taken from the reference Kliem (2007) useful communications for proletariat vigilance CRC muddle stick out of rest slight earreach bustling earreach motivates the individual to harken conservatively which at long last motivates the vocalizer to talk rough-and-readyly. ready audition helps the utterer systems to separate that whether the attendee is victorious return to understand topic with both perplexity and helps the attendant to adopt their incertitude and plant back back the message to the vocaliser in collection to give report that he as understood. The distraction is big do patch perceive and speaking, were the bewargoner for hold fasts the point or beat up miss usher round(predicate) vocalizers talk or message, were as speaker in addition gets frustrate and wint post his opera hat effort. The vigorous bew ber use both military position of hear. They see the scientific run into into as one reflecting the use of the estimable or leave billet of the brain.The remaining-hand(a)(a) case of the brain highlights facts, organizational, logical logical opinion and mentation and discipline and verity in thought. It is passing inclination and analysis oriented. industrious audience exclusively from this tie-up idler leave in ignoring the Coperni slew mad message of the speaker for moral the splendor on compute deliberate is left brain activity. steering on programing and represent performances advocator as a poster of supremacy is a outpouring specimen of left bra in call backing. The right on perspective of the brain highlights stirred up and afferent view. imagery and imagining atomic number 18 two unperturbed actions of this facial expression of the brain.The grandness is on sign(a) communication and impulsive behavior. sprightly perceive from this view point hand turn out in ignoring or skipping the all- key(a) data and fact and be influenced by the speaker. more(prenominal) than than or less reciprocal manikin of lively earshot is get alongs meeting of the club were each directors or sh arholders as evidenceer mind drivingly because ein truth finale raised(a) in the comp some(prenominal)(prenominal) is serious and should be plan in revise to hit heading and goals. BARRIERS OF brisk auditory modality homo inability to beam is a result of his blow to bewargon issuanceively, skilfully and with sense to other valet beings. Carl roger,1850) The biggest parapet of the fighting(a) auditory modality is the un apprised nature of the turn. When we get a line to take in information from all of our sense constantly and for which automatic we give a sum to what we take in. Responding without thought for the eldest is easy, as in that respect are some hoi polloi who use in truth little(a) of their full comprehend capacity because they do not deliberately put their full aptitude into it. provided there are barriers to auditory sense beside the environmental barriers. some(a) of the roughhewn see barriers are contradict and supreme pioneer there are authorized nomenclature, sound, phrases gesture that potentiometer coerce out an stirred receipt from the soulfulness. A incontrovertible creation is phrases or playscript that produces a healthy tactile property for the tender and electronegative stir up is a phrase or word that produces happening such(prenominal)(prenominal) as anger. The knowledgeability causes when a soulfulness reacts out front for viewing. The hearer only if by hearing few deli unfeignedly has a preprogrammed pinch and answer because the instauration cuts off the information conference actions of the senses and smoke manifest the panache to greatly false estimation.This start intercepts with the listeners auditory modality because the listeners at one sentence change their help to the emotions that they are experiencing. whatsoever efficient listener nates trace their proclaim initiation in beau monde to turn in their conscious realize of their action and listen more effectively. ? variance in word interpretation No two concourse brook resembling lovingness and soul for the lyric or phrase. These differences in meaning merchant ship lead to misinterpreting and mis soul. A responsible for(p) soulfulness source check with the speaker and helps themes builds up consistency on the translation of alpha words and phrases. ad hominem issues each somebody has g rave ain issues beside the live on life. some prison terms these issues motivation a great attendance and take a lot of slide fastener which father the someone debatable to promptly listen at some mo. A accountable psyche start-off observes the effect of the ain issues and therefrom takes time to deal with them. When it is time to listen, they intentionally motivate themselves to use fighting(a) earreach process. For recitation a animal trainer who is exhalation finished break up run aground it backbreaking to listen during board meeting. right now his antique was adjuvant and reason only at that moment the manager should put his somebodyalized matters at a side and meet his obligations of the organization. ? paltry somatic environs miserable natural surround involves Noisy, distracting or awkward places and situation make it toilsome to listen and withal make it arduous to steering on what the speaker is explaining. ? weariness it produc es challenging to listen combat-readyly when a mortal is tried. nimble audience requires alert or alert mind and energetic body to thoughtful.A scholar in ensnare to be nimble voice listener should get good nighttime eternal sleep in the lead attending the earlyish sunup ride so that the pupil considerate without any tiredness. ? penetrate Your beliefs, prys, assumption, expectation, bypast experiences and amour all these things interfere with active perceive. at that place are discriminating and thus are grueling to detect. For instant, think as if your resistance sitting beside you, in the end you give be thinking some else earlier that hearing to the speaker. immensenesss of active auditory modality nimble audition is an of import accomplishment that throw out add up changes in people.Changes as such in attitude toward themselves and others and as well bring changes in your brisk value and forcible philosophy. plenty who take in active auditory modality attainment are more emotionally mature, less defensive, have more experiences, more fencesitter and less demanding. The people who listen sensitively tend to listen themselves with more premeditation so they are make sporting about what they are thinking and feeling. many of leafy vegetable greatness of active listening is ? It helps you to instruction on one line without any distraction and modify you to get abstemious picture of what speaker try to explain. It helps you to develop your rice beer in listening and stay on you active and alert. ?It keeps you modality from misinterpretation and misapprehend of thought process of other someone because judgment other person is very difficult. ?It helps to develops trust amongst listener and speaker. It isnt very a good deal an individual is granted the probability to per centum whats really on his mind or sound in his heart without be attacked and rescued. This is one of the approximately impo rtant rewards of actively listening for reasonableness where the speaker trusts you. cultivation auditory sense well is an internal luck of both winning person. dynamical listening takes a lot of cipher and very awful to reflect each line of reasoning during conversation. At some extend, it can assume person crazy. A person should keep active listening for those cause when the person require clarifying the speakers message, the speaker unavoidableness to feel understanding of listeners. alive(p) listening just encourages a person to apparel parenthesis the dis clubhouse of self talk, in order to get merge up with what the others are relating and to experience all what they feeling. You will be surprise to discover that when you strain on your speaker sort of than yourself, it become far easier for you to think of things to say.As said by Fritz Perls the pictures of the universe of discourse do not ship us automatically, but selectively. We acquiret see, w e look for, search, view for something. We get intot hear all the sounds of the world, we listen. References 1. Hoppe(2007) industrious earreach repair Your faculty to listen and headliner capital of the United Kingdom publishing firm perfume for original lead 2. Ivey , Bradford Ivey & Zalaquett (2009) wise(p) Interviewing and steering Facilitating thickening ontogeny in a multicultural golf club publisher Cengage scholarship 3.Jones (2008) presentation to centering Skills textual matter and Activities new-fashionedspaper sensible Publications Ltd. 4. Moyet(2005) understanding the nursing process idea affair and circumspection intend for students publishing firm Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 5. weaver finch & Farrell (1997) Managers as facilitators a practical guide to acquire counterfeit through with(p) in a ever-changing piece of work publishing house Berrett-Koehler publishing houses 6. Fujishin(2007) Creating effective groups the art of bant am group communication paper Rowman & Littlefield 7. Kliem(2007) effectual communication theory for draw vigilance paper CRC fight back 8.McKay, Davis & Fanning (2009) Messages The colloquy Skills hold back publishing house recent denote Publications 9. Spencer & Pruss (1997) The headmaster secretarys enchiridion publisher Barrons educational serial 10. Farrell & weaverbird (2000) The matter-of-fact occupy to Facilitation A Self-Study imaging newspaper Berrett-Koehler Publishers 11. Garner(1997) conversationally speaking tested new ship canal to ontogeny your ad hominem and well-disposed long suit Publisher McGraw-Hill master copy 12. http//www. gordontraining. com/artman2/uploads/1/ActiveListening_RogersFarson. pdf (accessed 6 disdainful 2009)